The Relationship between L2 Grit and Intrinsic Reading Motivation of Filipino Pre-service Teachers in Central Mindanao

Exploring Metaphorical Polysemy with Multiple Correspondence Analysis: A Corpus-based Study on the Predicative hēi ‘black’ in Chinese Jinmeng Dou Meichun Liu Department of Linguistics and Translation, Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China jmdou2-c@my.cityu.edu.hk meichliu@cityu.edu.hk Abstract This paper provides a corpus-based, statistical analysis to explore the semantic (dis)similarities of four metaphorical meanings of the Chinese color term hēi ‘black’ regarding its predicative usages. With the Behavioral Profiles approach, 379 instances were manually annotated with 35 contextual features proposed from three categories, including lexical-collocational, morphosyntactic and semantic, and discourse information, to capture the contextual variations of hēi. Based on the annotated data, the Multiple Correspondence analysis (MCA) technique is then used to visualize the semantic distribution of the four meanings of hēi and their strength of associations with the distinctive features. It is found that the semantic (dis)similarities of the four meanings of hēi are well profiled by the MCA results, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the MCA method in studying metaphorical polysemy. 1 Introduction As a common source of metaphor, Color Terms (CTs) possess a diverse range of metaphorical meanings in various languages beyond their literal meanings pertaining to the natural color, which can be viewed as metaphorical polysemy (Apresjan, 1974; Jurafsky, 1996). Without exception, Chinese CTs also show metaphorical polysemy with varied usage patterns. For example, one of the earliest-acquired Chinese CTs, hēi 黑 ‘black’ (Berlin & Kays, 1969; Wu, 2011), is continuously extended to different metaphorical meanings with flexible contextual variations. Except for the attributive uses (e.g., hēi-shèhuì 黑 社 会 ‘black-society: underground’), hēi frequently occurs as a predicate when referring to metaphorical meanings. Example (1) below provides initial illustrations for the metaphorical usages: (1) a. 她无意中黑了青岛一把。 tā wúyìzhōng hēi le qīngdǎo yī bǎ she unconsciously black LE Qingdao one-CL ‘She accidentally blackened Qingdao for once.’ b. 穆司爵脸黑了。 Mù-sījué liǎn hēi le NAME face black LE ‘Mu Sijue’s face blackened.’ As shown in (1), the predicate hēi can either serve as a transitive verb to denote ‘an action that damages or destroys someone’s reputation’ as in (1a), or an intransitive verb ‘to get angry’ as in (1b). It is noteworthy that the contexts of hēi referring to different metaphorical meanings may vary as they correlate with the possible semantic (dis)similarities regarding Distributional Semantics (Harris, 1954; Firth, 1951). However, most previous studies discussed the possible meanings of CTs from a purely analytical ground and regarded the different senses as discrete primes, ignoring their potential semantic relations. Given that, this study aims to explore the semantic (dis)similarities of the varied metaphorical meanings of hēi as a predicate with the corpus-based Behavioral Profiles (BP) approach. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 offers a literature review of relevant previous studies. Section 3 introduces the research methodology. Section 4 applies the MCA method to identify the distinctive contextual variations of each metaphorical meaning denoted by the predicative hēi based on the …

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